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Browsing Theses by Supervisor "Chandramouli, V.V.M.S."
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Item Dynamics of q-deformed nonlinear maps(Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, 2022-01) Chandramouli, V.V.M.S.A q-deformed physical system in quantum group structure is an exploration of the possible deformation in the well-known physical phenomena models. The q-deviation may help to observe the changes in physical behaviour of the system. Deformation of a function introduces andditional parameter q into the function’s definition in such a way that the original function can be recovered under the limit q!1. There exists multiple deformations for the same function and some deformations are inspired by [Heine, 1846; Tsallis, 1988]. The concept of q-deformation on nonlinear logistic map was studied and showed that the deformed logistic map exhibits coexisting attractors [Jaganathan and Sinha, 2005]. The coexistence of attractor is known as the Allee effect in population dynamics and has been deeply studied for unimodal maps [Schreiber, 2003]. Later, q-deformations have been studied on the nonlinear maps—the logistic map [Banerjee and Parthasarathy, 2011; Cánovas and Muñoz-Guillermo, 2019] and Gaussian map [Patidar and Sud, 2009; Cánovas and Muñoz-Guillermo, 2020]. The deformation on the two-dimensional Hénon map was analyzed numerically and it was shown that the q-deformation of the Hénon map suppresses chaos as compared to the canonical Hénon map for a specific values of deformed parameter [Patidar et al., 2011]. The q-deformation of the nonlinear maps can be helpful in modelling of several phenomena that are not exactly modelled with the canonical maps, but could benefit from the q-deformed variant in quantum computing applications. The newly introduced parameter q of deformed nonlinear map can be varied according to the requirement that allow us to fit a wide range of functional forms that are identical in nature. To study the q-deformed nonlinear maps for higher dimensional system, one can consider two-dimensional Hénon-like maps. The reason is that these maps are good models for creating chaos in real time applications. The Hénon-like maps are given by H(x, y) = ( f (x)by, x), where f is a unimodal map and b is small perturbation. The appropriately defined renormalizations RnH of Hénon-like maps H converge exponentially to the one-dimensional renormalization fixed point f [De Carvalho et al., 2005]. The universality features could coexist with unbounded geometry, which happens due to the lack of rigidity. In [Lyubich and Martens, 2011], it was shown that infinitely renormalizable Hénon-like maps form a curve in the parameter space, which is parametrized by the average Jacobian, and all infinitely renormalizable Hénon-like maps near the Feigenbaum point are topologically distinct. In the first part of the thesis, we apply Heine deformation on one-dimensional maps and analyze the dynamics of these newly deformed maps. In particular, we consider deformed logistic map and deformed Gaussian map and discuss the basic dynamics like periodic attractors and transition from periodicity to chaotic attractor. We compute the topological entropy by using two different methods and finally we show that there exist a region of physically observable chaos, which are separated by the region where the chaos are not physically observable. We describe the deformation schemes inspired by Heine and Tsallis in reference of q-deformed physical systems related to the quantum group structures and the statistical mechanics. We discuss the dynamics of deformed unimodal maps in the reference of strong chaotic properties. We show that, there exists a set of parameter values with positive measures, for which these deformed maps exhibit stochastically stable chaos, in the sense of [Baladi and Viana, 1996]. The deformed maps have a chaotic behaviour for a large space of deformed parameters than the canonical maps which are intended to be used in cryptography. Further, we show that the q-deformation scheme applied on both sides of the difference equation of logistic map is topologically conjugate to the canonical logistic map and therefore there is no dynamical changes by this q-deformation. We propose an v improved version of q-deformation scheme and apply on logistic map to describe the dynamical changes. Parrondo’s paradox is illustrated by assuming the chaotic region as a gain. Finally we show that in the neighbourhood of particular parameter value, q-logistic map has stochastically stable chaos. In the second part of the thesis, we study the dynamics of two-dimensional deformed maps. In particular, we apply Tsallis deformation on Hénon-like map to construct the q-Hénon map. We evaluate the basic properties and stability of the fixed points of the system. We propose an algorithm for constructing a curve with parameter (a,b) such that the q-Hénon map on this curve has an attracting period 2n-cycles. These curves are denoted by γ2n,ε for each ε associated to the deformed parameter q. As n ! ∞, the curves converges to the Feigenbaum map γ2∞,ε , at which the q-Hénon map undergoes a transition from periodic to chaotic behaviour. For ε > 0, the phase transition in the q-Hénon maps occurs much earlier than the canonical Hénon-like maps, which explains the Parrondo’s paradoxical behaviour. We trace the unstable manifold of the fixed points to describe the location of periodic attractors. Next, we define the hetroclinic web and describe the hetroclinic bifurcation on each curve γ2∞,ε for various ε values. Further, we show that all q-Hénon maps are infinitely renormalizable and having Cantor set as an attractor, before the hetroclinic bifurcation on the curve γ2∞,ε . Finally, we show that the basin of attraction of the q-Hénon maps do not have an escape region for each ε 2 (0,ε ), which is an interesting dynamical behaviour. This property illustrates the similarity of q-Hénon map with Lorenz system in which all trajectories are bounded.Item Dynamics of the Homographic Ricker-like maps(Indian Institute of Tehcnology, Jodhpur, 29-02-2024) Chandramouli, V.V.M.S.In nature, the number of individuals of a species or a community of species varies over time within a region or territory. To address challenges in studying living systems due to these variations, mathematical modeling plays a crucial role in the development of an integrative point of view. Mathematical modeling of the population deals with the growth of the species and intrinsic interactions between each organism and its environment. The population modeling was pioneered by Verhulst in the 19th century with the introduction of the Logistic model. Among the several single-species models, one of the crucial population models is the Ricker population model, which was proposed to mathematically represent the stock and fisheries. The Ricker map and its various modified forms have been reviewed by several researchers [Ricker, 1954; Elaydi and Sacker, 2010; Liz, 2018; Rocha and Taha, 2020]. When the growth function of the Ricker map is defined by the Holling type II functional response, then the resulting map is a Homographic Ricker map. The nonlinear dynamics and bifurcation structure of the Homographic map have been discussed by L. Rocha in [Rocha et al., 2020]. The aim of the thesis is primarily to investigate the diverse dynamical properties of the q-deformed Ricker map, the q-deformed Homographic map, the 2D Homographic Ricker map, and the delayed 2D Homographic Ricker map. This study mainly focuses on the various dynamical aspects of these models, which involves the analysis of their nonlinear dynamics, singularities, intersections of different fold and flip bifurcation curves using bifurcation theory, and the exploration of the transition from periodic to chaotic attractors. In the first part of the thesis, we apply a deformation scheme [Jaganathan and Sinha, 2005; Tsallis, 1988] to the classical Ricker map and obtain a q deformed Ricker map, namely the q-Ricker map. We show that the q-Ricker map proclaims many exciting phenomena that are remarkable in one-dimensional dynamical systems, such as the presence of coexisting attractors, physically non-observable chaos, hydra paradox, bubbling effect, and extinction. We prove that the intersection of the fold and flip bifurcation of the curve gives a singular point of codimension greater than two, and that singular point merges with its associated cusp point. Finally, we show that a certain amount of deformation in the system can keep it in equilibrium; however, excessive deformation causes extinction [Aishwaraya et al., 2022]. Next, we discuss the analytical study of the q-deformed Homographic map (q-Homographic map).The notions of false derivative and the generalized Lambert W function of the rational type are useful in estimating the upper bound on the number of fixed points of q-Homographic map. Further, we explore the process of chaotification of the q-deformed map to enhance its complexity which involves incorporating the residue obtained from multiple scaling of the map’s value for the subsequent generation through the utilization of the multiple remainder operator [Moysis et al., 2023]. After the chaotification, the q-Homographic map shows high complexity and the presence of robust chaos, which has been theoretically and graphically analyzed using various dynamical techniques. In addition, we use the feedback control technique [Din, 2017] to control the period-doubling bifurcation and chaos in the q-Homographic map. In the second part of the thesis, we apply the Holling type - II functional response as a growth function in the classical two-dimensional Ricker map and propose a discrete-time competition model, namely the two-dimensional (2D) Homographic Ricker map. We discuss the boundedness of the solutions and the uniqueness of the coexisting fixed point of the proposed map. With the help of critical curves and singular points, we explain the geometry of the map and prove that all the points in the domain of the 2D Homographic Ricker map are either regular, fold, or cusp in nature. Furthermore, we use the centre manifold theory to explain the local stability of the fixed points of the proposed map. Using bifurcation theory, we derive some conditions under which the map exhibits the flip bifurcation [Aishwaraya and Chandramouli, 2023]. We further introduce a delayed 2D Homographic Ricker map by incorporating the delay terms in survival functions and small leak terms in the competing populations. We analyze the persistence, boundedness, invariance, and asymptotic behavior of the proposed map. Additionally, numerical simulations are employed to elucidate the stability and bifurcation analysis of the competing population. In the final part of the thesis, we study the combinatorial tools, namely the Hofbauer tower and the kneading map for a class of symmetric bimodal maps. We discuss the construction, various properties, and geometrical interpretation of these tools. Further, with the help of the Hofbauer tower, we define the cutting times associated with the bimodal map and propose an algorithm to compute the cutting times. Finally, we describe the splitting and co-splitting of the kneading invariants using the cutting and co-cutting times, respectively.Item Renormalizations of Unimodal and Bimodal Maps with Low Smoothness.(Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, 2021-07) Chandramouli, V.V.M.S.Renormalization theory plays a key role in describing the dynamics of a given system at a small spatial scale by an induced dynamical system in the same class. The concept of renormalization arises in many forms though Mathematics and Physics. Period doubling renormalization operator was introduced by M. Feigenbaum and by P. Coullet and C. Tresser, to study asymptotic small scale geometry of the attractor of one dimensional systems which are at the transition from simple to chaotic dynamics. In this thesis, we discuss the renormalizations of unimodal maps and symmetric bimodal maps whose smoothness is C1+Lip, just below C2. In the rst section of the thesis, we explore the period tripling and period quintupling renormalizations below C2 class of unimodal maps. In the context of period tripling renormalization, there exists only one valid period tripling combinatorics. For a given proper tri-scaling data, we construct a nested sequence of a ne pieces whose end-points lie on the unimodal map and shrinking down to the critical point. Consequently, we prove the existence of a renormalization xed point, namely fs ; in the space of piece-wise a ne maps which are period tripling in nitely renormalizable, corresponding to a proper tri-scaling data s . Furthermore, we show that the renormalization xed point fs is extended to a C1+Lip unimodal map with a quadratic tip, by considering the period tripling combinatorics. Moreover, this leads to the fact that the period tripling renormalizations acting on the space of C1+Lip unimodal maps has unbounded topological entropy. Finally, by considering a small variation on the scaling data we show the existence of an another xed points of renormalization in the space of C1+Lip unimodal maps. This shows the contin- uum of xed points of period tripling renormalization operator. In the context of period quintupling renormalization, we have only three valid period quintupling combinatorics. For each combinatorics, there exists a piece-wise a ne xed point of renormalization operator, namely gs , corresponding to a proper quint-scaling data s : We show that the geometry of the invariant Cantor set of the map gs is more complex than the geometry of the invariant Cantor set of fs . Next, we describe the extension of gs to a C1+Lip space, and the topological entropy of period quintupling renormalization operator. The continuum's result also holds for this case. Consequently, we observe that the incre- ment of periodicity of renormalization increases the number of the possible combinatorics and each of them leads to such construction of renormalization xed point The second section of the thesis studies the renormalization of symmetric bimodal maps with low smoothness. The renormalization operator R is a pair of period tripling renormalization op- erators Rl and Rr which are de ned on piece-wise a ne period tripling in nitely renormalizable maps corresponding to a proper scaling data sl and sr, respectively. We prove the existence of the renormalization xed point in the space C1+Lip symmetric bimodal maps. Moreover, we show that the topological entropy of the renormalization operator de ned on the space of C1+Lip symmetric bimodal maps is in nite. Further, we prove the existence of a continuum of xed points of renormal- ization. The main result lead to the fact that the non-rigidity of the Cantor attractors of in nitely renormalizable symmetric bimodal maps, whose smoothness is below C2.